While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, one of the world's oldest, observes Christmas on Jan. 7, following a calendar similar to the Coptic Church. Throughout the year there are seven designated . 2019 - 2023 ethcalendar.com, All Rights Reserved. The Ethiopian year starts on September 11. } The Book of Genesis recounts: And the name of the second river is Ghion: the same is it that compasses the whole land of Ethiopia (Geneses 2:13). The Fast of the Holy Mary is seen as a way to honor the mother of Jesus, and to seek her intercession and guidance in the face of difficult challenges and hardships. We also publish opinion pieces, features and informational pages. Palm Sunday cannot come before the 19th of Megabit 01 after the 23rd of Miyazia. Special days are appointed for f asting. Advent and Kweskwam (forty days preceding the fast of the flight to Egypt). http://ClmFVYo2oU@ethiowebs In parallel with these western fasts, there must be annual fasts in the East brought up to the number of four." The Orthodox Russian Church observes the Nativity Fast in 2022 from 28 November 2022 to 6 January 2023. humana fee schedule 2022 pdf. It is At the time when most of Africa was either directly or indirectly colonised by Great Timket festival or Epiphany in Ethiopia is the ritual of reliving the actual baptism of Ethiopian Christmas (Genna) is celebrated on 7thof January every year, instead of the typical December Ethiopian New Year (Enqutatash) is one of the pre-eminently celebrated festivals of all. The Ethiopia calendar is similar to the Coptic Egyptian calendar since both have 13 months, 12 of which have 30 days and an intercalary month at the end of the year called Pagume which means 'forgotten days' in Greek. This fasting is carried out during Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year, except for the 50 days after Easter (Fasika). The feasts of our Lord are divided into 9 major and 9 minor feasts. Gizret, circumcision; It is celebrated on 7th January (Tahsas 29 E.C) preceded by a fast of 40 days. (10) Sene (June July) [7] Another example of Western influence is the popularity of fish goulash (Amharic: ; asa gula), often made with local Nile perch, tilapia, or catfish. /--------------------------------------------------------------------->Static.COOKIE_BANNER_CAPABLE = true; The Fast of Assumption of the Holy Virgin, 15 days. The Easter Lent always begins on a Monday and can not come before the 1st of Yekatit nor after the 5th of Megabit. - Assumption CHRISTMAS The Ethiopian Christmas coincides with the date of this observance in the Eastern Orthodox dispensation. . (1) Meskerem (September-October) Year after year the Christmas season brings to the minds of all Christians the story of the Child in the manger, the shepherds on the Judean hills, the Celestial songs Glory to God in the highest, and the Angles message, telling that the Long expected one had come. [10], Every Wednesday and Friday throughout the year are observed as fast days, Wednesday in observance of the decision of the Sanhedrin, in collaboration with Judas Iscariot, to betray and kill Jesus before the feast of Pesach, and Friday in observance of the Passion of Jesus.[1]. Download the calendar to view a detailed version and then print it. On a recent visit to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, I was surprised to see that the local Orthodox Christians fast much longer and more diligently than the normal Lent period in Europe. It features an interactive Ethiopian calendar converter, the Ethiopian Orthodox Fasting Calendar and public holidays. The above fasting dates above can be converted using the Ethiopian calendar converter. The Ethiopian Calendar has 13 months in a year. 4. The Psalmist David also says: Let Ethiopia hasten to stretch out her hands to God (Psalms 68:31). 7. Gena is also a name for a Christmas game played by boys and grown up men (like hokey). On Easter Day, however, they might indulge in roast lamb and a feast that may include many other types of meat and other dishes. 2. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Amharic: , Yityop'ya ortodoks twahedo btkrestyan) is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.One of the few Christian churches in sub-Saharan Africa originating before European colonization of the continent, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church dates back to the . * Holy days usually begin at sundown the day before this date. 2022 Fasting Calendar Download. 1. Nolwae, the feast of our Lord as Good shepherd; Ethiopian Fasting Food. hb``` ); Ascension always begins on Thursday and cannot come before the 5th of Ginbot nor after the 9th of Sene. around 2 p.m.), after which they would eat no meat or dairy products including cheese, butter, or eggs but can eat and drink most other . It is marked with a fascinating history, unique civilization, culture and religious life. Only the 13 rd month has 5 or 6 days. The ceremony of washing the feet is conducted the same day in imitation of what our Lord did to the twelve Apostles at the Last Supper. When the people of Nineveh heard Jonahs message, they repented and fasted in order to seek Gods forgiveness. Most of the fasting periods also involve abstaining from food and drink until 3pm, when the only meal of the day is consumed. The feasts which come each month during the are: Trinity, the 7th of each month; Michael the Archangel, the 12t of each month; the Covenant of Mercy, the 16th of each month; the Holy Virgin Assumption, the 21st of each month; the Death of Our Lord, the 27th of each month; and the birth of Christ, the 29th of each month. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church the first to adopt the Ethiopian calendar, and they use a version that includes the Ethiopian Orthodox Fasting Calendar in addition to the standard calendar that is used officially. RT @dawityew: London Metropolitan Policy confirm over 50 thousand people attended the #NoMore rally in #London. 2. [9] As a result, strict observance of fasts is said to be growing in certain Orthodox communities.There are many fasts that in one year of the Ethiopian year. The calendar of the Ethiopian church came from Egypt and as to methods and dates agrees with the calendar of the Coptic Church. These tips are sure to help you find the right calendar. 16. One of these seasons, which is called Advent, from the Latin word adventus, (arrival), embraces about five Sundays. The day of promise on which her son assured her that for her sake He would in future have mercy upon sinners. For some, from Thursday afternoon until Easter morning no morsel of food nor a drop of water enters the mouth and three days are known as Qanona. if ($(this).text() == 'Videos') { Smoking is a breach of the fast." 1. The sleeping of Mary (Asterio Mariam). The church has always taught the necessity of penance for justification. only one meal a day, taken in the evening or after 3:00pm starting on Good Friday to Easter Sunday, there is total abstention from everything taken orally. 2. - Easter Copyright 2023 Ethiowebs - Ethiopian online magazine and information hub. Holidays and Observances in Ethiopia in 2022 While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. Holy Thursday falls on April 21, 2022. Assumption (Filseta), which is celebrated for 16 days, counted each as a separate feast. This is the reason for mortification. The church is filled with fragrance of incense and myriads of lights. This fasting period begins on the Monday following the Ethiopian Christmas (Genna) and lasts for 43 days. Second time appearance to others. All Orthodox Tewahedo christians in, Abye Tsome or Hudade (Lent): a 55-day fast before Easter is the longest and most intensive one in the, The Fast of the Ninevites in Ethiopia is observed as a way to honour this act of repentance and to seek Gods mercy and forgiveness. Nothing is to be consumed. (11) Hamle (July-August) On Yekatit 16, the longest Ethiopian Orthodox fasting period begins which lasts for 56 days. These fasting periods are an important part of the Ethiopian Orthodox churchs canon law and involve abstaining from certain foods and activities as a way of spiritual devotion. Explore . All persons above the age of 13 observe the church fasts. Whether you have one in your car, hanging up at home, or simply use the Eid Al-Fitr is an Islamic festival celebrated amongst Muslims in Ethiopia and world-wide. 2. During fasts, the observant are required to partake in no more than one meal a day, which is to be eaten in the afternoon or evening. All the people hold lighted tapers. The Ethiopia calendar is similar to the Coptic Egyptian calendar since both have 13 months, 12 of which have 30 days and an intercalary month at the end of the year called Pagume which means 'forgotten days' in Greek. 5. Flight to Egypt. The body is ever striving for mastery over the spirit; besides the external sources of temptation, the world, we have always another source with us which is a part of our nature. Kana ze Galilee, (feast of Kana of Galilee) when the Lord turned water into wine; FESTIVAL On Easter Day, however, they might indulge in roast lamb and a feast that may include many other types of meat and other dishes. Properly observed in nullifies the sins committed during the rest of the year. - Nativity The Fast of the Prophets is considered a time of spiritual renewal and is an important part of Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faith. Date: Tahsas 28 (Variable) and Tir 10 / 18 January (Fixed Date). Marked on EthiopianCalendar.net is an interactive Ethiopian Calendar converter and blog. The death of our Lady is commemorated on January 21, Ethiopic Calendar, 16 Jan. in Western reckoning and apparently by reason of this the 21st of each Ethiopian month is dedicated to the Virgin. The church also uses other systems of chronology. In lent many grown tired and thin. We also provide Ethiopia holiday calendar for 2022 in Word, Excel, PDF and printable online formats. The book Senksar is the calendar which contains a list of saints to be commemorated daily and their brief history. There are 13 months in an Ethiopian Calendar year. The 33rd feast is that of the purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. If you find an error, please let us know. Gray -Typical Non-working Days. In addition to these major fasting periods, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church has several minor fasting periods throughout the year. The 32nd feast is that of the day when a result of infidel with a blow hitting the icon, the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary, blood flew copiously from the image. This fast is observed with greater rigor than any other fast and it is a test of ones Christianity. 8. 2021 Fasting Calendar LEGEND: Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs, wine, olive oil Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs Abstain from meat, dairy, eggs The chronology of the Ethiopian church follows the Era of Incarnation that is it dates from our Lords birth; there is a difference of 7 or 8 years between the western and Ethiopian systems. LENT AND HOLY WEEK HUDADI AND HIMAMAT Adwa Victory Day Ethiopian Easter Meskel Many Christians in Ethiopia will fast for 55 days before Easter, avoiding all meat and meat products during that time. 2022. Fasting on these days is a way for believers to show their devotion to Jesus and to remember his suffering. Ethiopia Holidays 2024 In PDF Word And Excel, Ethiopian Orthodox Fasting Calendar 2021 Calendar 2021 All In One Photos. There is a fast which a bishop keeps at the time he is consecrated. 12. Amharic Version This last month has five days or six days in a leap year. (8) Miyazia (April May) 13. It begins after Pentecost. Date: Hedar 16 - Tahsas 28 / 25 November to 06 January (Fixed Date) Tsome Gehad (The Fast of the The Vigils) Tsome Gehad is a period of fasting observed by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. 7. It is a time for devout and penitential preparation of the soul for the proper and worthy celebration of the great feast of Christmas. $(this).attr('href','http://www.stmaryeotctoronto.com/home-2'); Convert ethiopian calendar to gregorian calendar (ec to gc) or vice versa with our interactive date coverter. Believers confess their greater and lesser offenses to the confessor or sit reading their Psalter. 3. Christmas These include (the Fast of the Flowers) which commemorates the exile of the Holy Family in Egypt, and the fast of Puagumen (Ethiopia's thirteenth month of 5 days or 6 days in leap years) in preparation for Ethiopian New Year on Meskerem 1. $(this).attr('onclick','true'); We aim to provide valuable content that we believe is beneficial to the Ethiopian community online. 4. 15 Nativity Fast begins - ends Dec. 24 - Orthodox Christian. [2] Ethiopian devotees may also abstain from sexual activity and the consumption of alcohol.[2]. 9. The feast of Kidane Mehret (Covenant of Mercy) is a day which honours the merciful power of St. Mary the blessed Mother. Fasts are observed on the following occasions: Many faithful also observe optional fasts that are not included in the official and canonical list of mandatory fasts. The Ethiopia calendar is also similar to the Egyptian coptic calendar as both have a year with 365 days and 366 days in a leap year, which is every fourth year. The 33 feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary are as follows: 1. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Calendar 2021 to 2022. . About Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church--------------------------------------------------------------Ethiopia, the land of Judeo-Christianity, is one of the most ancient predominantly Christian countries of the world. 7. If you love this printable, do not forget to leave a comment down below. 11, 2022 - Spt. Holy Tuesday falls on April 19, 2022. Ethiowebs is your resource for Ethiopain news, travel, facts, money, community and entertainment. FASTING AND ABSTINENCE We have twelve feasts a year when once a month on 21st day we commemorate her death or birth in heaven and this makes it 31 feasts in all up to now. Social Media . It begins with Sibket on 15th Hedar and ends on Christmas eve with the feast of Gena and the 28th of Tahsas. hbbd``b`$g9 "@H6H`Ym! $('.main-nav li a').each(function () { Ethiopian Calendar is an online Ge'ez calendar and blog. Tsome Dihinet or The Fast of Wednesdays and Fridays in Ethiopia is a practice observed by most Orthodox Christians in Ethiopia. In accordance with the chronology of the Gospel account of the last days of our Lords mortal life it is natural that the sacred Triduum of Thursday, Friday and Saturday developed. (9) Ginbot (May June) 7. Liturgy The clergy are arrayed in their best vestments. Saturday Qadamit Sanbat. The extra 5 days are placed at the end of the year and known as Pagumen. /DO NOT DELETE THE ABOVE TIL I FIGURE OUT WHAT IT IS FOR The gahad of Epiphany, fast on the eve of Epiphany. Can't remember where I found it. Date: Hedar 16 Tahsas 28 / 25 November to 06 January (Fixed Date). Priests regularly attend night services starting at midnight up to 7 a.m. Qibela is the Sunday before the opening of Lent, Monday when the people eat their fill. more years Abbreviations LWE: possible long weekend BD: possible bridge day Orthodox Easter Day 2023 2024 2025 2026 9. Transfiguration baxcalibur weakness. (2) Teqemt (October- November) Medical Implications 1. A subreddit dedicated to discussion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The year 2022 is a common year, with 365 days in total. $(this).attr('onclick','true'); Fasting includes avoiding works of Satan and all wrongdoings in general. Good Friday on other Saturdays and Sundays during Lent, eating breakfast is allowed. Self denial is in lawful things enables us to turn with great earnestness to spiritual things. if ($(this).text() == 'Home') { All the faithful with clean souls should communicate on Holy Thursday. Orthodox calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Orthodox calendar Catholic calendar Muslim calendar Jewish calendar Hindu calendar - Good Friday On this Friday the Devil was bound with cords and Christ descending to purgatory (seol) sent forth to paradise all the souls that were in darkness (Seol). - Epiphany Ter 11th E.C (19th January) All kinds of meat is forbidden, and also diary products. Tsome Nebiyat or The Fast of the Prophets is a period of fasting and prayer that commemorates the lives and teachings of the prophets of the Old Testament of The Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. Seven fasting periods. Every Wednesday and Friday are days of fasting because on Wednesday the Jews held a council in which they rejected and condemned our Lord and on Friday they crucified him. The year of the Ethiopian calendar contains 365 days to which is added every fourth year an extra day. THE ORDER OF FASTS IN ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX TEWAHIDO CHURCH ( ) 7 March 2013 at 23:09 THE ORDER OF FASTS IN ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX TEWAHIDO CHURCH ( ) Fasting is abstinence from all things a body needs, and one has to fast from animal products and from any kind of food for a limited time until the period of fasting is over. The calendar List of Holidays in Ethiopia in 2022. 17. The angels hold a high place in the church. Each year in this four-year period is dedicated to one of the four Evangelists who come in the following order: Mathew, Mark, Luke and John. 15. The Church, in her earliest days, recognized the necessity for her children to chastise the body and bring it under subjection, as St. Paul advises. Read more. The Fast of Wednesdays and Fridays/ In observance of the Wednesday decision by the Sanhedrin to seize Christ, and the Friday Crucifixion, all Wednesdays and Fridays are considered obligatory fasting days (except during the 50 days after Easter, and the feasts of Christmas and Theophany (Timket) if they should fall on these days of the week). (Fetha Negest 15, Mt. [3] Legumes such as split peas (,[4] kk or kikki) and lentils (,[5] msr or birsin); or vegetables such as potatoes (,[6] Dnch), carrots and chard () are common in fasting dishes. "Let not your heart be troubled: Ye believe in God, believe also in me. 24 Martyrdom of Guru . Thursday Hamus Login; . During the year she sets apart two seasons in which she imbues the faithful with a spirit of penitential fervor. February. Black-Other Days. Please scroll down to end of page for previous years' dates. Names of months are as follows: Major feasts are: This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 18:47. It is held in the weeks leading up to the Feast of the Annunciation, which commemorates the announcement of the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary. Epiphany This printable was uploaded at January 03, 2023 by tamble in 2024 Calendar. The Fast of Great Lent is seen as a time of spiritual cleansing and renewal, and is considered a crucial part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faith. Tags: 2022, calendar, fasting. Minor feasts are: Ethiopian Christmas (Lidet/Gena) is celebrated on Tahsas 28 or January 7. Names of months are as follows: (1) Meskerem (September-October) (2) Teqemt (October- November) (3) Hedar (November- December) (4) Tahsas (December- January) (5) Ter (January- February) (6) Yekatit (February- March) - Appearance 3rd Quarter. regional government holidays and popular observances. Some feasts are national and religious at the same time. That's because you didn't select any holiday types. . printable free house quilt block patterns. Holy Monday falls on April 18, 2022. (4) Tahsas (December- January) Fast of the Apostles, 10-40 days, which the Apostles kept after they had received the Holy Spirit. Every Christian has a patron saint and each family has its patron saint whose anniversary is commemorated from father to son. 7. Share this entry. Ethiopian Calendar dates are in normal font size while the Gregorian Calendar dates are in smaller, italic fonts. You can also find the holidays, celebrations as well as the academic year. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Then follows Holy Week, the week of Pains, the Himamat. When the fast is broken late in the afternoon no one eats ordinary bread, a mixture of special flour is compounded and boiled. There is a prodigious number of feasts in the Ethiopian Church. Simon who had invited Jesus complained but the Lord made things clear to him. It would be great if we can see when it starts and ends(the fasting dates) even . Because the Ethiopian church holds that our Lord was born 5500 years after the creation of the world this gives the 7 or 8 years difference between the Gregorian and Ethiopian Chronologies. Daily Services are conducted in all the churches. zurich zr pro scanner ob2 download software apk. Orthodox calendar for 2022 with holidays Orthodox calendar for 2022 2022 year There are 11 holidays and days off in the Orthodox calendar in 2022. Fasting is more than prayer abstinence from eating meat and meat products. It is generally agreed, and asserted by the Church itself, that the fasting regime of the Ethiopian Church is the strictest of any Church, with 180 mandatory fasting days for laypeople and up to 252 days for clergy and the particularly observant. . Fasting implies abstention from food and drink. /Wednesdays and Fridays. ADVENT Gena, the feast to commemorate the reality that our Lord was actually born, not a mythical phenomenon; Special prayer programs are carried out during the fasting periods and members are also expected to abstain from sexual and other pleasure activities. Fasting and Abstinence . Third time appearance. $(function() { This is an Ethiopian Calendar for year 2015 (Spt. The priests neither eat nor drink but remain in the churches singing and praying incessantly. The monthly feast days Edited by Aymero W and Joachim M., The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, published by the Ethiopian Orthodox mission, Addis Ababa 1970. http://www.senamirmir.com/theme/5-2001/gh/drgh.html, _________________________________________________________________________, 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -. Peter Cox. 21 Christ the King - Christian. Palm Sunday falls on April 17, 2022. Advertisement Coins. (3) Hedar (November- December) There is the Era of the world which dates from 5493 B.C, which also differs from the western chronology by 7 or 8 years. Special prayers are conducted during the fasting seasons. The fast of Assumption, 16 days. - Conceived of the Lord Share on Facebook; Share on Twitter; . This Web site by St. Thomas Orthodox Church is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 - powered by Enfold WordPress Theme. 9. To the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Lent means a period of fasting when the faithful undergo a rigorous schedule of prayers and penitence. It comes on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the third week before Lent. Fasting means abstention from food and drink. 5. endstream endobj 404 0 obj <. [1] The general list of fasts are laid out in the Fetha Negest. OCA Diocese of the West has a calendar that will copy into your Google calendar not color coded though. Does anyone have the link or image 2022 Fasting Calendar like this? ( ) ( ) . Date: Yekatit 13 Miyazya 8 (Movable Date). This fasting day takes place the eve of the Ethiopian Christmas (Gena) and the day before Epiphany (Timket). 8. Each year is divided into 12 months of 30 days. In advent (Sibket, in Amharic) a fast is kept, the Christmas fast of 40 days beginning on 15 Hedar and ending on Christmas eve with the Feast of Gena on the 28 of Tahsas. $(this).attr('href','http://www.stmaryeotctoronto.com/videos-page'); endstream endobj startxref They traditionally abstain from eating animal products and other rich foods on Wednesdays and Fridays as a way to practice self-discipline and devotion. reckoning). filian avatar vrchat. Friday Sadus, Arb The Fast of the Ninevites in Ethiopia is observed as a way to honour this act of repentance and to seek Gods mercy and forgiveness. It is common to crack or smash painted eggs on Orthodox Easter Day. The dates of Easter and the feast which depends upon it are determined by the Fast of Nineveh which precedes the Easter Lent and in turn the date of the fast of Nineveh has been found according to the given principles, the date of Easter and the dates of the movable feast can easily be calculated. About Us This fasting period begins on the Monday following the Feast of the Cross (Meskel) and lasts for three days. Facebook; Instagram; Soundcloud; Twitter; Many Christians in Ethiopia will fast for 55 days before Easter, avoiding all meat and meat products during that time. Easter, known as Fasika, will fall on 2 May this year corresponding to 24th Miyazya 2014 in the Ethiopian Calendar. Calendar type: Gregorian calendar. On all the fasting days only one meal is allowed and this is to be taken in the afternoon, at 3 P.M.. or in the evening. In all the churches we have daily services held from morning to 2:45 p.m.. Priests regularly attend night services and they perform the canon, they remain in the churches praying incessantly, and in sadness ponder and read their Psalter from cock-crow by light of a taper, and throughout the day eat dry grain and drink water. 14. The Orthodox Church in America. Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, "Pizza vs injera: Selling Italian food in Ethiopia", "Fasting Season, No Longer Boon for Fish Industry", "Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church", "Great Lent - Abiy Tsom - First Sunday - Zewerede - ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&oldid=1142854151. The Annual Morning, Evening and Liturgical Readings. 4. Special days are appointed for fasting. 2021 2023 Show holidays on a calendar Print holidays to PDF The date in Ethiopia today is Saturday, . ">Ha)@|'c`bdTq~ ) The difference of date is due to a calendar of discrepancy since the Ethiopian calendar is based on the year of Grace 7 or 8 years after Anno Domini. During this time, believers abstain from all food and drink from sunrise to sunset, and spend their days in prayer and devotion to the Virgin Mary. The day when she was taken to the temple there to stay for some time (Her presentation). Tsome Hawariat, also known as The Fast of the Apostles commemorates the time when the Apostles of Jesus received the gift of the Holy Spirit, and their immediate devotion for fasting and prayer to be fully prepared for their mission of spreading the message of Jesus Christ. 5. Ter is the fifth month and begins on January 10 and Yekatit is the sixth month which begins on February 9. Confession is heard on that day. These are: - Christmas Tahsas 29th E.C (7th January) 4. Liddet or Gena is the Ethiopian name for Christmas which is marked by special ceremonies. The faithful should abstain from all food except bread, water and salt. The specific dates on the Gregorian calendar are listed below for 2022. It is marked with a fascinating history, unique civilization, culture and religious life. The patron most in vogue are: St. Michael the Archangel, St. Gabriel, St. George, the Virgin Mary, St. John the Baptist, Tekla Haimanot, Gebre Menfese Kidus, St. Petros etc. This practice is based on the belief that Wednesday was the day that Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot, and Friday was the day of Jesus crucifixion.
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