He ran a tired hand through his hair.The word tired logically is linked with he, syntactically with hand. In every language a word exists in a close connection with the lexical-semantic system of a given language. In order to achieve the main goal and to study these important features of this theme the following specific objectives must be considered. The first chapter of this study shall define the notion of Translation difficulties and present the representatives of the Modern period and some critics about one of the representative of this period which is J. The reader is intrigued by the dramatic aspect of the quarrel with Stradlater and hardly realizes that he is being cunningly conditioned to believe that Holden is capable of writing "The Catcher in the Rye," a book full of subtle observations about people and about life in general. The stylistic changes are as necessary as grammatical or lexical ones. Therefore omission and supplementation are frequently combined with other types of grammatical transformations and more frequently with substitution of parts of speech. In the past few decades, this activity has developed because of rising international trade, increased migration, globalization, the recognition of linguistic minorities, and the expansion of the mass media and technology. Following the idea of transferring the jargon, its adopted an idiomatic translation: A translation strategy that consists of producing a target text that conforms to the conventions established in the target language and to the spontaneous form of expression commonly used by native speakers., This novel is one of the most famous American novels in the 20th century and is strongly bound to American society. Stuff, in reference to one's privates. . Why did Holden do what he did to his composition? Already a member? The author used a great variety of the types of translation difficulties and these types could be well seen in the third chapter of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye that was chosen in order to point out those types of translation difficulties that exist in the novel. She was the daughter of his mother's best friend. The symbol of isolation lies in the hat that Holden wears while he is writing. eNotes Editorial, 22 Dec. 2012, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-did-holden-decide-write-about-stradlaters-311210. Finally, Holden senses sometimes that the words he is using are not quite right, that language fails him: "I don't exactly know what I mean by that," he says at one point, "but I mean it." Get expert help in mere We also see how alienated he feels. American Literature books summary. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Why? His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers. In this case the translator will face many difficulties. They sought to capture the essence of modern life in the form and content of their work. Holden also says in Chapter 16 I took my old hunting hat out of my pocket while I walked, and put it on. It is therefore unrealistic to expect to find equivalent idioms and expressions in the target language as a matter of course.[17:p45]. In fact, Holdens reactions to his adventure are more significant than the adventure itself. In the case of the "hammer and anvil" idiom, a lexical rendering could be "to be in an uneasy, stressing situation". At the same time, he is very self-conscious about the hathe always mentions when he is wearing it, and he often doesn't wear it if he is going to be around people he knows. The Modernists constructed their works out of fragments, omitting the exposition, transitions, resolutions, and explanations used in traditional literature. It first appears in Chapter 16, when a kid Holden admires for walking in the street rather than on the sidewalk is singing the Robert Burns song Comin' Thro' the Rye. In Chapter 22, when Phoebe asks Holden what he wants to do with his life, he replies with his image, from the song, of a catcher in the rye. Holden imagines a field of rye perched high on a cliff, full of children romping and playing. Although the language of the Romanian version is much harsher, stronger and more direct as the original, it is the only way Romanian readers who do not speak English or who did not read the novel in original (depending thus entirely on its translation) can really understand the controversy created around the novel and why so many people censured and banned it. 2, August 1951, 82. The presence of the hat, therefore, mirrors the central conflict in the book: Holden's need for isolation versus his need for companionship. Relationships, intimacy, and sexuality are also recurring motifs relating to the larger theme of alienation. support@phdessay.com. During a great period of searching it was identified three types of translation difficulty: In his article `On Linguistic Aspects of Translation', Jacobson distinguished three types of translation: But Dagut's distinction between `translation' and `reproduction', like Catford's distinction between `literal' and `free' translation does not take into account the view that sees translation as semiotic change. The characters in J.D. Holden then tears up the composition in anger, and they get into a fight. But Holden cannot think of anything to say about a house or a room, so he writes about a baseball glove that his brother Allie used to copy poems onto in green ink. Holden's jargon is consistent and very enlightening. Such statements may help us understand why the person committed the crime, however an uncritical listener may believe the speaker is trying to gain sympathy for the person and his or her actions. Modernist literature can be viewed largely in terms of its formal, stylistic and semantic movement away from Romanticism. His former teacher is needling him about his failures at Pencey; at this point, he lectures Holden about the importance of playing by the rules. This is a people shooting hat, I said. Catcher in the Rye Essay In the novel The Catcher and the Rye by J. D. Salinger Holden believes childhood, and adulthood are completely different. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. Want 100 or more? They also include expressions which seem ill-formed because they do not follow the grammatical rules of the language. From History to Procedures, Zainurrahman 2009; Breit, Harvey. We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. In a New York Times op-ed piece published after J. D. Salingers recent death, David Lodge charged that many of Salingers critics simply didnt get his work, particularly his post-Catcher in the Rye and Nine Stories work. Little Brown Books, New York: 1945. Furthermore, it should be point out major differences in the translation of Salingers use of colloquial and taboo language in the English and Romanian versions, the Romanian version was the farthest because of its abundant use of euphemisms and euphemistic formulations throughout the book. Unless the target-language idiom corresponds to the source-language idiom both in form and in meaning, the play on idiom cannot be successfully reproduced in the target text. The museum presents him with a vision of life he can understand: it is frozen, silent, and always the same. D.B also was a soilder. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1988. Describe Holden's relationship with Jane Gallagher in The Catcher in the Rye. Since there is never a good coincidence of meaning between phraseologisms, there is a very high risk of finding others that have different metaphors, a different meaning, and are not at all fit for specific cases. Without a doubt, J.D. When he actually gets to the museum, he decides not to go in; that would require disturbing his fragile imaginative construction by making it encounter the real world. Holden's isolation is expressed in the fact that while Stradlater goes out on a date, Holden is all alone in his dorm room, doing homework for his roommate. Besides, a short, compared with the noun predicate can not bear the emphatic sense of a large group of nouns. Holden questions why he should still be here, when he brother, who was smarter and kinder than him should be dead. Equally surprising is Holdens willingness to go to the movies after his diatribes against their superficiality. This type of code switching is translation proper, the object of Translation Studies. Whatever the difficulty in the translation process, procedures must aim at the essence of the message and faithfulness to the meaning of the source language text being transferred to the target language text. After Stradlater asks the expelled Holden to write a composition for him because he "doesn't know where to put the commas," Holden writes, "That's something else that gives me a royal. The quote also shows his viepoint on all adults. One of the most important translation difficulties is grammatical translation difficulties which is the hardest one in the identification and in the same time which change the structure and the meaning of the words from the source text into target text. He feels guilty that he, who lives because he is not sick like Allie was, is inferior and stupid. Holden responds with this image, which reveals his fantasy of idealistic childhood and of his role as the protector of innocence. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text's major themes. Modernists shared a common purpose. Selling the typewriter also allows Holden to establish that he is "loaded" with money because of his grandmother's generosity and can afford to spend several days and nights in Manhattan. It is clear in the early chapters,. Holden decides to write about his dead brother's baseball glove because he is deeply depressed about his death and has not come to terms with his grief over the loss of his brother. Log in here. Salinger's writing style is pointed out through a very open and explicit way. Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. Contact us It is not important to classify the device itself but the point is to be able to realize their ongoing effect and to identify the purpose of their application in the translation they are working on. He always mentions when hes wearing it and he often doesnt wear it if he is going to be around people he associates with. Salinger seems to be almost identical to Holden in the story. In literature and writing, a stylistic device is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the literal or written. If we talk about the language at Catcher in the Rye, we can say that the author uses a simple writing, with several interjections and qualifier adjectives; the tone of this novel is colloquial and full of teenagers expressions (it is written in a monologue and in lively slang; its also important the chronolect). Afterwards, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and Margaret Salinger, his daughter. The more Holden focuses on his dead brother, the more alone he feels.He does not connect with the people around him, but dwells on people who are memories, like Allie and Jane Gallagher. He just got a Jaguar. Summarizing: Slinger concentrates on the flow of Holdens voice, the starts and hesitations that echo his behaviour. What Holden does not yet realize, however, is that he carries his torment with him, inside himself. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? This type contain two subtypes and one of these subtypes is Interjections and Exclamatory words which are words that that we use when we express our feelings strongly and which may be said to exist in language as conventional symbols of human emotions. It was the first time an author, dared to tell it how it really is and tried to open America's eyes to understand the thoughts of a typical adolescent teenager. Holden tells us the symbolic meaning of the museum's displays: they appeal to him because they are frozen and unchanging. You can view our. (Chapter 12, pg. answer choices He had been expelled because he failed four of five subjects. The writings of Salinger, while they may have been excellent in style, have become very controversial for what he has portrayed in the society during this time period, The Catcher in the Ray is a writing of a well-known American writer J. D. Salinger that is marked by a lot of characteristics of Salinger writings. Holden is angry at his family for coping with Allie's death, he is angry at the world for continuing when his little brother died. for a customized plan. Did you know that we have over 70,000 essays on 3,000 topics in our . The many negative reactions were mainly caused by the social and political background of the postwar period, by misunderstanding the text, by misreading it, by associating the novel with famous criminals and the reading of the novel by the wrong audienceteenagers instead of adults. Every citizen how the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The fact that he keeps the mitt with poems inside, tells the reader that Holden has not let Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. I was wondering if it would be frozen over when I got home, and if it was, where did the ducks go? The reader wants to know not only what happened but how it all ended and what it all meant. The Catcher In the Rye are both among the most important novels of the twentieth century. This offends Stradlater, who refuses to answer. Holden will probably write it because he asks for details about the assignment. That's a deer shooting hat.. A translation should always include the tasks and the qualities (or even the standards) a translation should perform. Here, the question is not whether a given idiom is transparent, opaque, or misleading. 125, No. Holden's deep unresolved sadness over the loss of his brother, a person he tells us was better than him, who should not have died at such as young age, indicates that he feels a sense of guilt over being alive. Language, then, is the heart within the bodies of culture, and it is the interaction between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy. Holden insults him some more, and Stradlater finally leaves the room. It is probably significant that Holden sells his typewriter to Frederick Woodruff before leaving Pencey. I didnt mind the idea so much, but I didnt feel like being lectured (J.D.Salinger:14)through this stylistic device the author wanted to point out to the reader that Holden wasnt a boy who like to read a lot of and showed the he didnt like to study. But the impossibility of such a fantasy is the tragedy of Holden's situation: rather than face the challenges around him, he retreats to a fantasy world of his own making. By throwing a tantrum. Most translation theorists agree that translation is understood as a transfer process from a foreign languageor a second languageto the mother tongue. And Stradlater started getting mad and saying "no wonder you're flunking the hell out of here," or "you don't do ne dame thing the way you're supposed to." a. This quote shows that Holden wants to protect kids. assignments. The lexical translation consists in expliciting through other words the denotative meaning of the phraseologism, giving up all the other style and connotation aspects. Holden's definition of phoniness relies mostly on a kind of self-deception: he seems to reserve the most scorn for people who think that they are something they are not or who refuses to acknowledge their own weaknesses. ( http://www.script.com:p.15) from this example is well seen that the author used one of the meanings of the word kid. Another example was Salingers use of imitation of spoken English in written. Nevertheless such cases are not always losses in translation. In the preparatory phase of a translation, cognition, in the form of self-consciousness and self-confidence, plays a very important role, inasmuch as this period implies conscious mental activities, where translating problems are detected and analyzed, and information and knowledge are accumulated. One detail he says is "The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Only by seeing the real function of the language can people understand why Salinger is a master in rendering and imitating teenagers colloquial speech and thus come closer to the essence of the novel. The place or state of punishment of the wicked after death; the abode of evil and condemned spirits; Used as an intensifier to express surprise, anger, impatience, etc. It is very frequent when grammatical and lexical transformations demand supplementation or omission of some words or elements. This has been mainly achieved by the careful and analytical comparison of some identical passages from the ST with its translations. 52) The red hunting hat is inseparable from the image of Holden Caufield, with good reason. The most important revelation in these chapters comes about when Holden writes the composition for Stradlater, divulging that his brother Allie died of leukemia several years before. We can see that it were negative comments, hard criticsMany critics told that there wasnt any novel that went into the adolescence as this Salingers work. Holden then asks Stradlater who the girl he was dating was. We must think that the authors language was revolutionary, new and controversial at the time his first stories were published. Another epithet that was used by the author in his novel is hardly ever listened (J. D. Salinger: 6) This is a reserved epithet because it is composed of two words linked by a preposition and it was chosen in order to point out to the reader that speech of old Spenser was not a clear one and not understandable one for the listener. On the one hand, despises his room mates and headmaster of Elton Hills prep school ,but does have a favorite teacher. What is Holdens relationship with Phoebe like? In this chapter also will be exemplifies that Salingers fiction followed a chronological evolution, that there has been a well defined process of creating certain typical characters and that his characters evolved from the early prototypes in his short stories to the fully developed characters in his mature works, or even disappeared for good from his literary creations in a few cases. There are two cases in which an idiom can be easily misinterpreted if one is not already familiar with it: Apart from being alert to the way speakers and writers manipulate certain features of idioms and to the possible confusion which could arise from similarities in form between source and target expressions, a translator must also consider the collocational environment which surrounds any expression whose meaning is not readily accessible. Intralinguistic transfer can also be illustrated by stylistic differentiation. In English language such unexpected word combinations are formed very easily. ), and "cultural untranslatability," (idioms, sayings, proverbs, jokes, puns, etc.). [5:p.66-67]. I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. The Romanian version tends to add words or phrases to the TT. The second reason, causing lexical difficulties to translation is the difference in the semantic volume of a word. If the two senses of the same word do not seem to fit, yet seem related, then it is likely that they are polysemous. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Essential Quotes by Character: Holden Caulfield. Because people are unpredictable, they challenge Holden and force him to question his senses of self-confidence and self-worth. These characteristics frustrate Holden, and they make Stradlater . Salinger used his teenage years as reference in creating Holden. "The Catcher in the Rye" is supposedly being written in the first person by a sixteen-year-old boy. It is not the specific items an expression contains but rather the meaning it conveys and its association with culture-specific contexts which can make it untranslatable or difficult to translate. He uses letters and phone calls and he connect different ideas, like innocence and adolescence with the Hollywoods corruption. Holden is upset with the show more content Holden writes an essay for his friend Stradlater for school .Holden writes a composition about Allies glove and the writings on Allie's mitt . Stuff is a collection of junk or a group of items or matter. Through his lying and deception, Holden proves that he is just as guilty of phoniness as the people he criticizes. The pond is in transition between two states, just as Holden is in transition between childhood and adulthood. In the same way that the surgeon, operating on the heart, cannot neglect the body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text in isolation from the culture at his peril. Mothers are all slightly insane(Salinger 176), this shows Holdens belief that all adults are in one way or another phony. An important stylistic device that was used by the author in his writing is epithet. Such situations made the translators task and work tremendously difficult because they had to find ways of compensating the loss caused by the inability of recreating a similar effect in the TT because Romanian has a system in which words are written the same way they are read as opposed to English which has a different system. Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Ccrowther Jonathan and Cavanagh Katchryn, Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Oxford University Press 2003; Printice Hall Literature American Experience, Second Edition, Printice Hall Edgewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Needham Massachusetts 1991; Crystal, David, The English Language. Holden is obsessed with childhood because he chooses to be wedged between a world of the innocence of children and the complex world of adulthood. In The Catcher in the Rye, why does Holden like Mercutio (from Romeo and Juliet) so much? We often deal with paraphrasing when trying to explain or define things. Holden seems to feel increasing pressure as he moves toward leaving school, and Salinger manipulates the details of Holdens physical environment to match his protagonists feelings. Raised in Manhattan, New York, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published several stories in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. The whole arrangements designed for men who, at some time or other in their lives, were looking for something their own environment couldn't supply them with. Lexical peculiarities - are the techniques, methods, elements used by the author that are characteristic for the Modernist Period; Translation difficulties are the problem that appear during the process of translation from the cause that the author uses different meaning of the words and some types of translation difficulties that are specific for such process. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Sixth Edition, Oxford University Press 2007; http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50034626?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=catharsis&first=1&max_to_show=10. the absence of the categories in one of the comparing languages; Even assuming monolingual disambiguation . . (J. D. Salinger: 7). Nobodyd move. The conversation in which Mr. Antolini speaks these words takes place in Chapter 24. Accessed 4 Mar. In literature and writing, a stylistic device is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the literal or written. Also after such investigations was pointed out all the types of lexical peculiarities in J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Ray.. When he calls him a moron, Stradlater warns him to be quiet, but he only . When his parents return home, Holden slips out and visits his former and much-admired English teacher, Mr. Antolini, who expresses concern that Holden is headed for "a terrible fall". When Stradlater nonchalantly refuses to tell Holden any of the details, Holden attacks him, but Stradlater pins him to the floor and tries to get him to calm down. Though he was two years younger than Holden, Holden says that Allie was the most intelligent member of his family. Our search for who we are is fuelled by our innate desire to achieve a sense of acceptance and belonging. In The Catcher in the Rye, what does Holden mean when he says, "Don't ever tell anybody anything. Both physical and emotional relationships offer Holden opportunity to break out of his isolated shell. Copyright 2023 Literary Devices. Romanian translation used either obsolete or dialectal / regional words and expressions (or both) through out the novel and this can point out an obvious difference of language use between generations. equivalence of form and shape. Salinger has the power to disconnect between his adorated teenagers and phony adults: he magnifies childrens intelligence; so we can say that the kind of language used in this novel is not monotonous. In other words, in ellipsis an item is replaced by nothing. his brevity, conciseness and concentration of style; his attentiveness to details and to exact dates and facts; his constant reference to parts of the human body; his leitmotif of the letter or note; his constant way of picturing certain female characters painting their nails or toenail or the recurrent motif of a man holding a childs feet; his constant references to colors and the symbolism within colors; his penchant for coining new words or changing different parts of speech into others; his inclination of dealing with psychological problems in his fiction; his tendency to use the pattern of sequencesequence in his characters namesin his themes, etc. Holden's decision to write about a baseball glove, a subject Stradlater considers unacceptable, leads to their fight, which is one of the factors leading to all the subsequent events in the novel: "All of a sudden, I decided what I'd really do, I'd get the hell out of Pencey--right that same night and all. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Catcher in the Rye! Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language the source- and in the other language-the target. There are three symbols unparticular that are used most regularly in the novel. What other character Why did Holden decide to write Stradlater's composition for him in The Catcher in the Rye? Taking into account the total context, including the intended audience and important details such as regionalisms. This is not possible. Alliefelt separate from his teammates while playing baseball. It gets great importance while making translation to add or omit some words since the structures of languages are quite different. One example of those symbols is that Holden changed his personality when he was at the fountain in Central Park: he became a new person when he was near the water. places where he either grew up or which he knew; his use of well-established symbols throughout his fiction; his unique approach of religious themes and his use of Zen philosophy; his attachment to and protection for his characters. Allie's glove, with the green writing on it, is symbolic of isolation. In much the same way arguments and explanations may be confused with each other, so too may explanations and justifications. Salinger. elements of grammar, which Popovic sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence. This study on lexical pecularities and translation difficulties in a literary work are addressed to everybody but especially to pupils and students, also and the practical value of this research is that these features of an analyses is better understood and used by students and by everybody who is interested in, it facilitate the possibility of using and practice it day by day in the research and make it more expressive and colorful. Both false friends and false cognates can cause difficulty for students learning a foreign language, particularly one that is related to their native language, because students are likely to identify the words wrongly, because of linguistic interference. Yes, Holden agrees with Stradlater to write composition for him because he decided to make a deal with the society. Phraseologisms or expressions that would aspire at becoming so are formed in huge quantities, but do not always succeed. What does this reveal about Holden? Because false friends are a common problem for language learners, teachers sometimes compile lists of false friends as an aid for their students. Their meaning cannot be deduced from their components or any arrangement thereof, and must be learned as a whole. Holden realizes the irony that he is flunking out of Pencey, yet is still asked to do work for others. ?>.
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